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golang中的锁源码实现:Mutex

上一篇文章 中我提到了锁,准确地说是信号量(semaphore, mutext是semaphore的一种)的实现方式有两种:wait的时候忙等待或者阻塞自己。

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//忙等待
wait(S) {
while(S<=0)
; //no-op
S--
}
//阻塞
wait(semaphore *S) {
S->value--;
if (S->value < 0) {
add this process to S->list;
block()
}
}

忙等待和阻塞方式各有优劣:

  • 忙等待会使CPU空转,好处是如果在当前时间片内锁被其他进程释放,当前进程直接就能拿到锁而不需要CPU进行进程调度了。适用于锁占用时间较短的情况,且不适合于单处理器。
  • 阻塞不会导致CPU空转,但是进程切换也需要代价,比如上下文切换,CPU Cache Miss。

下面看一下golang的源码里面是怎么实现锁的。golang里面的锁有两个特性:
1.不支持嵌套锁
2.可以一个goroutine lock,另一个goroutine unlock

互斥锁

golang中的互斥锁定义在src/sync/mutex.go

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// A Mutex is a mutual exclusion lock.
// Mutexes can be created as part of other structures;
// the zero value for a Mutex is an unlocked mutex.
//
// A Mutex must not be copied after first use.
type Mutex struct {
state int32
sema uint32
}

const (
mutexLocked = 1 << iota // mutex is locked
mutexWoken
mutexWaiterShift = iota
)

看上去也是使用信号量的方式来实现的。sema就是信号量,一个非负数;state表示Mutex的状态。mutexLocked表示锁是否可用(0可用,1被别的goroutine占用),mutexWoken=2表示mutex是否被唤醒,mutexWaiterShift=2表示统计阻塞在该mutex上的goroutine数目需要移位的数值。将3个常量映射到state上就是

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state:   |32|31|...|3|2|1|
\__________/ | |
| | |
| | mutex的占用状态(1被占用,0可用)
| |
| mutex的当前goroutine是否被唤醒
|
当前阻塞在mutex上的goroutine数

1.Lock

下面看一下mutex的lock。

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func (m *Mutex) Lock() {
// Fast path: grab unlocked mutex.
if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, 0, mutexLocked) {
if race.Enabled {
race.Acquire(unsafe.Pointer(m))
}
return
}

awoke := false
iter := 0
for {
old := m.state
new := old | mutexLocked
if old&mutexLocked != 0 {
if runtime_canSpin(iter) {
// Active spinning makes sense.
// Try to set mutexWoken flag to inform Unlock
// to not wake other blocked goroutines.
if !awoke && old&mutexWoken == 0 && old>>mutexWaiterShift != 0 &&
atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, old, old|mutexWoken) {
awoke = true
}
runtime_doSpin()
iter++
continue
}
new = old + 1<<mutexWaiterShift
}
if awoke {
// The goroutine has been woken from sleep,
// so we need to reset the flag in either case.
if new&mutexWoken == 0 {
panic("sync: inconsistent mutex state")
}
new &^= mutexWoken
}
if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, old, new) {
if old&mutexLocked == 0 {
break
}
runtime_Semacquire(&m.sema)
awoke = true
iter = 0
}
}

if race.Enabled {
race.Acquire(unsafe.Pointer(m))
}
}

这里要解释一下atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32()atomic包是由golang提供的low-level的原子操作封装,主要用来解决进程同步为题,官方并不建议直接使用。我在上一篇文章中说过,操作系统级的锁的实现方案是提供原子操作,然后基本上所有锁相关都是通过这些原子操作来实现。CompareAndSwapInt32()就是int32型数字的compare-and-swap实现。cas(&addr, old, new)的意思是if *addr==old, *addr=new。大部分操作系统支持CAS,x86指令集上的CAS汇编指令是CMPXCHG。下面我们继续看上面的lock函数。

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if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, 0, mutexLocked) {
if race.Enabled {
race.Acquire(unsafe.Pointer(m))
}
return
}

首先先忽略race.Enabled相关代码,这个是go做race检测时候用的,这个时候需要带上-race,则race.Enabled被置为true。Lock函数的入口处先调用CAS尝试去获得锁,如果m.state==0,则将其置为1,并返回。

继续往下看,首先将m.state的值保存到old变量中,new=old|mutexLocked。直接看能让for退出的第三个if条件,首先调用CAS试图将m.state设置成new的值。然后看一下if里面,如果m.state之前的值也就是old如果没有被占用则表示当前goroutine拿到了锁,则break。我们先看一下new的值的变化,第一个if条件里面new = old + 1<<mutexWaiterShift,结合上面的mutex的state各个位的意义,这句话的意思表示mutex的等待goroutine数目加1。还有awoke为true的情况下,要将m.state的标志位取消掉,也就是这句new &^= mutexWoken的作用。继续看第三个if条件里面,如果里面的if判断失败,则走到runtime_Semacquire()。

看一下这个函数runtime_Semacquire()函数,由于golang1.5之后把之前C语言实现的代码都干掉了,所以现在很低层的代码都是go来实现的。通过源码中的定义我们可以知道这个其实就是信号量的wait操作:等待*s>0,然后减1。编译器里使用的是sync_runtime.semacquire()函数。

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// Semacquire waits until *s > 0 and then atomically decrements it.
// It is intended as a simple sleep primitive for use by the synchronization
// library and should not be used directly.
func runtime_Semacquire(s *uint32)

//go:linkname sync_runtime_Semacquire sync.runtime_Semacquire
func sync_runtime_Semacquire(addr *uint32) {
semacquire(addr, true)
}

func semacquire(addr *uint32, profile bool) {
gp := getg()
if gp != gp.m.curg {
throw("semacquire not on the G stack")
}

// Easy case.
if cansemacquire(addr) {
return
}

// Harder case:
// increment waiter count
// try cansemacquire one more time, return if succeeded
// enqueue itself as a waiter
// sleep
// (waiter descriptor is dequeued by signaler)
s := acquireSudog()
root := semroot(addr)
t0 := int64(0)
s.releasetime = 0
if profile && blockprofilerate > 0 {
t0 = cputicks()
s.releasetime = -1
}
for {
lock(&root.lock)
// Add ourselves to nwait to disable "easy case" in semrelease.
atomic.Xadd(&root.nwait, 1)
// Check cansemacquire to avoid missed wakeup.
if cansemacquire(addr) {
atomic.Xadd(&root.nwait, -1)
unlock(&root.lock)
break
}
// Any semrelease after the cansemacquire knows we're waiting
// (we set nwait above), so go to sleep.
root.queue(addr, s)
goparkunlock(&root.lock, "semacquire", traceEvGoBlockSync, 4)
if cansemacquire(addr) {
break
}
}
if s.releasetime > 0 {
blockevent(s.releasetime-t0, 3)
}
releaseSudog(s)
}

上面的代码有点多,我们只看和锁相关的代码。

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root := semroot(addr)   //seg 1

atomic.Xadd(&root.nwait, 1) // seg 2

root.queue(addr, s) //seg 3

seg 1代码片段semroot()返回结构体semaRoot。存储方式是先对信号量的地址做移位,然后做哈希(对251取模,这个地方为什么是左移3位和对251取模不太明白)。semaRoot相当于和mutex.sema绑定。看一下semaRoot的结构:一个sudog链表和一个nwait整型字段。nwait字段表示该信号量上等待的goroutine数目。head和tail表示链表的头和尾巴,同时为了线程安全,需要使用一个互斥量来保护链表。这个时候细心的同学应该注意到一个问题,我们前面不是从Mutex跟过来的吗,相当于Mutex的实现了使用了Mutex本身?实际上semaRoot里面的mutex只是内部使用的一个简单版本,和sync.Mutex不是同一个。现在把这些倒推回去,runtime_Semacquire()的作用其实就是semaphore的wait(&s):如果*s<0,则将当前goroutine塞入信号量s关联的goroutine waiting list,并休眠。

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func semroot(addr *uint32) *semaRoot {
return &semtable[(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(addr))>>3)%semTabSize].root
}

type semaRoot struct {
lock mutex
head *sudog
tail *sudog
nwait uint32 // Number of waiters. Read w/o the lock.
}

// Prime to not correlate with any user patterns.
const semTabSize = 251

var semtable [semTabSize]struct {
root semaRoot
pad [sys.CacheLineSize - unsafe.Sizeof(semaRoot{})]byte
}

现在mutex.Lock()还剩下runtime_canSpin(iter)这一段,这个地方其实就是锁的自旋版本。golang对于自旋锁的取舍做了一些限制:1.多核; 2.GOMAXPROCS>1; 3.至少有一个运行的P并且local的P队列为空。golang的自旋尝试只会做几次,并不会一直尝试下去,感兴趣的可以跟一下源码。

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func sync_runtime_canSpin(i int) bool {
// sync.Mutex is cooperative, so we are conservative with spinning.
// Spin only few times and only if running on a multicore machine and
// GOMAXPROCS>1 and there is at least one other running P and local runq is empty.
// As opposed to runtime mutex we don't do passive spinning here,
// because there can be work on global runq on on other Ps.
if i >= active_spin || ncpu <= 1 || gomaxprocs <= int32(sched.npidle+sched.nmspinning)+1 {
return false
}
if p := getg().m.p.ptr(); !runqempty(p) {
return false
}
return true
}

func sync_runtime_doSpin() {
procyield(active_spin_cnt)
}

Unlock

Mutex的Unlock函数定义如下

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// Unlock unlocks m.
// It is a run-time error if m is not locked on entry to Unlock.
//
// A locked Mutex is not associated with a particular goroutine.
// It is allowed for one goroutine to lock a Mutex and then
// arrange for another goroutine to unlock it.
func (m *Mutex) Unlock() {
if race.Enabled {
_ = m.state
race.Release(unsafe.Pointer(m))
}

// Fast path: drop lock bit.
new := atomic.AddInt32(&m.state, -mutexLocked)
if (new+mutexLocked)&mutexLocked == 0 {
panic("sync: unlock of unlocked mutex")
}

old := new
for {
// If there are no waiters or a goroutine has already
// been woken or grabbed the lock, no need to wake anyone.
if old>>mutexWaiterShift == 0 || old&(mutexLocked|mutexWoken) != 0 {
return
}
// Grab the right to wake someone.
new = (old - 1<<mutexWaiterShift) | mutexWoken
if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, old, new) {
runtime_Semrelease(&m.sema)
return
}
old = m.state
}
}

函数入口处的四行代码和race detection相关,暂时不用管。接下来的四行代码是判断是否是嵌套锁。new是m.state-1之后的值。我们重点看for循环内部的代码。

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if old>>mutexWaiterShift == 0 || old&(mutexLocked|mutexWoken) != 0 {
return
}

这两句是说:如果阻塞在该锁上的goroutine数目为0或者mutex处于lock或者唤醒状态,则返回。

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new = (old - 1<<mutexWaiterShift) | mutexWoken
if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, old, new) {
runtime_Semrelease(&m.sema)
return
}

这里先将阻塞在mutex上的goroutine数目减一,然后将mutex置于唤醒状态。runtime_Semreleaseruntime_Semacquire的作用刚好相反,将阻塞在信号量上goroutine唤醒。有人可能会问唤醒的是哪个goroutine,那么我们可以看一下goroutine wait list的入队列和出队列代码。

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func (root *semaRoot) queue(addr *uint32, s *sudog) {
s.g = getg()
s.elem = unsafe.Pointer(addr)
s.next = nil
s.prev = root.tail
if root.tail != nil {
root.tail.next = s
} else {
root.head = s
}
root.tail = s
}

func (root *semaRoot) dequeue(s *sudog) {
if s.next != nil {
s.next.prev = s.prev
} else {
root.tail = s.prev
}
if s.prev != nil {
s.prev.next = s.next
} else {
root.head = s.next
}
s.elem = nil
s.next = nil
s.prev = nil
}

如上所示,wait list入队是插在队尾,出队是从头出。

参考

  • 《Go语言学习笔记》